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- "Social Criticism in Literature, As Found
- in George Orwell's Animal Farm and
- Charles Dickens' A Tale of Two Cities."
-
-
- Many authors receive their inspiration for writing their literature
- from outside sources. The idea for a story could come from family,
- personal experiences, history, or even their own creativity. For authors
- that choose to write a book based on historical events, the inspiration
- might come from their particular viewpoint on the event that they want to
- dramatize. George Orwell and Charles Dickens wrote Animal Farm and A Tale
- of Two Cities, respectively, to express their disillusionment with society
- and human nature. Animal Farm, written in 1944, is a book that tells the
- animal fable of a farm in which the farm animals revolt against their
- human masters. It is an example of social criticism in literature in
- which Orwell satirized the events in Russia after the Bolshevik Revolution.
- He anthropomorphises the animals, and alludes each one to a counterpart in
- Russian history. A Tale of Two Cities also typifies this kind of
- literature. Besides the central theme of love, is another prevalent theme,
- that of a revolution gone bad. He shows us that, unfortunately, human
- nature causes us to be vengeful and, for some of us, overly ambitious.
- Both these books are similar in that both describe how, even with the best
- of intentions, our ambitions get the best of us. Both authors also
- demonstrate that violence and the Machiavellian attitude of "the ends
- justifying the means" are deplorable.
-
- George Orwell wrote Animal Farm, ". . . to discredit the Soviet system
- by showing its inhumanity and its back-sliding from ideals [he]
- valued . . ."(Gardner, 106) Orwell noted that " there exists in England
- almost no literature of disillusionment with the Soviet Union.' Instead,
- that country is viewed either with ignorant disapproval' or with
- uncritical admiration.'"(Gardner, 96) The basic synopsis is this: Old
- Major, an old boar in Manor Farm, tells the other animals of his dream of
- "animalism": " . . . Only get rid of Man, and the produce of our labour
- would be our own. Almost overnight we would become rich and free.'"
- (Orwell, 10) The other animals take this utopian idea to heart, and one
- day actually do revolt and drive the humans out. Two pigs emerge as
- leaders: Napoleon and Snowball. They constantly argued, but one day, due
- to a difference over plans to build a windmill, Napoleon exiled Snowball.
- Almost immediately, Napoleon established a totalitarian government. Soon,
- the pigs began to get special favours, until finally, they were
- indistinguishable from humans to the other animals. Immediately the reader
- can begin to draw parallels between the book's characters and the
- government in 1917-44 Russia. For example, Old Major, who invented the
- idea of "animalism," is seen as representing Karl Marx, the creator of
- communism. Snowball represents Trotsky, a Russian leader after the
- revolution. He was driven out by Napoleon, who represents Stalin, the most
- powerful figure in the country. Napoleon then proceeded to remove the
- freedoms of the animals, and established a dictatorship, under the public
- veil of "animalism." Pigs represent the ruling class because of their
- stereotype: dirty animals with insatiable appetites. Boxer, the
- overworked, incredibly strong, dumb horse represents the common worker in
- Russia. The two surrounding farms represent two of the countries on the
- global stage with Russia at the time, Germany and England.
-
- Orwell begins his book by criticizing the capitalists and ruling
- elite, who are represented in Animal Farm by Mr. Jones, the farmer. He
- is shown as a negligent drunk, who constantly starved his animals. "His
- character is already established as self-indulgent and uncaring."
- (King, 8) Orwell shows us how, "if only animals became aware of their
- strength, we should have no power over them, and that men exploit animals
- in much the same way as the rich exploit the proletariat."(Gardner, 97)
- What was established in Russia after the Bolshevik Revolution was not
- true communism ("animalism"), which Orwell approved of, where the people
- owned all the factories and land. Rather, "state communism" was
- established, where a central government owned them. Orwell thought that
- such a political system, "state communism," was open to exploitation by
- its leaders. Napoleon, after gaining complete control, did anything he
- wished - reserved the best for the pigs, and treated the animals cruelly.
- The animals could not do anything, unless they again realized their
- strength in numbers against their own kind. Unfortunately, they were too
- stupid to realize this and accepted the "status quo." It began when the
- milk and apples were appropriated to the pigs, and continued to when the
- pigs could drink and sleep on beds, until finally the pigs were the "human
- masters" to the rest of the animals. Orwell criticized Germany,
- representing it as Pinchfield Farm, which betrayed Animal Farm by paying
- for lumber with counterfeit money. In real life, this represents the
- Soviet-Germany non-aggression pact during World War II which Germany
- eventually broke. Eventually, towards the end of the story, the term,
- "absolute power corrupts absolutely," is proven, as the pigs, who retained
- all the privileges for themselves, have evolved into a different caste
- from the other animals. Orwell's implication is that "real" communism
- cannot exist in the countries which claim to be communist. The ruling
- class - politicians - own everything and ironically are therefore in total
- control.
-
- A Tale of Two Cities is a love story which chronicles the lives of
- Charles Darnay, a Frenchman who renounced his link with the aristocracy,
- and Sydney Carton, a wastrel who lived in England. Both these characters
- fall in love with Lucie Manette, the daughter of Dr. Alexandre Manette,
- unjustly imprisoned in France for 17 years. Though Lucie marries Darnay,
- Carton still loves her and in the end, gives his life to save Darnay for
- her. Dickens, who was fascinated with French history, especially the
- French Revolution, begins by criticizing the aristocrats' treatment of the
- poor people of France. In the seventh chapter of book two, the Monsieur
- the Marquis had accidentally driven his carriage over a young child, killing
- him. Instead of worrying about the child's welfare, the Monsieur's reaction
- was to worry about his horses: "One or the other of you is for ever in the
- way. How do I know what injury you have done to my horses."(Dickens, 111)
- He deemed their lives inferior and insignificant, as illustrated when he
- threw a gold coin to the child's devastated father as compensation. The
- Monsieur the Marquis revealed his true sentiments to his nephew:
- "Repression is the only lasting philosophy. . . fear and slavery, my
- friend, will keep the dogs obedient to the whip. . ."(Dickens, 123)
- Dickens makes it abundantly obvious that the aristocrats are to meet doom,
- with symbolic references to fate and death. For instance, as the Monsieur
- the Marquis rides through the country, a glowing red sunset appeared over
- him, signifying his bloody death. In the words of the author, ". . . the
- sun and the Marquis going down together. . ."(Dickens, 114) Madame
- Defarge's knitting is also a symbol of impending doom, as she records the
- names of all those who are to die when the revolution takes place.
-
- Dickens also expresses his disillusionment with some of the outcomes of
- the French Revolution. He believed that the people did not just liberate
- themselves, but also took vengeance towards the aristocracy. This is
- confirmed in the conversation between the revolutionaries: " Well, well,
- but one must stop somewhere. After all, the question is still where?'
- At extermination,' said madame."(Dickens, 341) Madame Defarge embodies
- this attitude, as she wants to have Charles Darnay killed, not because he
- has done something wrong, but because he is related to the Evrémonde family,
- which killed her relative. Though "Dickens seems almost to regard violence
- as the one way to bring about social change,"(Lucas,288) he then began to
- denounce the actions taken by some of the revolutionaries. The citizens
- let their righteous cause turn into vengefulness. Even servants and maids
- to the aristocrats were beheaded, although they had not really done
- anything wrong.
-
- Animal Farm and A Tale of Two Cities were written to express their
- authors' disenchantment with the state of evolution of human nature. They
- seem to be saying, that even when we begin with honourable intentions, there
- will be some of us who will let their base instincts take control. Orwell,
- in Animal Farm portrays this nature by parodying events in real history.
- Given the right conditions, those events could happen anywhere - a leader
- becoming overly ambitious, to the point of harming his people for morepower.
- In A Tale of Two Cities, Dickens examines the inner soul, and shares with us
- how people are driven to the valley of human emotions, where desperation and
- anger reign, and what could happen afterwards if we let these emotions build
- up inside. Every human being is capable of becoming a ruthless,
- opportunistic being like Napoleon or Madame Defarge, if placed in the right
- place, at the right time.
-
- --
- Works Cited
-
-
- Coles Editorial Board. Coles Notes: Animal Farm.
- Toronto: Coles Publishing Company, 1996.
- Dickens, Charles. A Tale of Two Cities.
- London: Orion Publishing Group, 1994.
- Gardner, Averil. George Orwell.
- Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1987.
- Kaplan, Fred. Dickens: A Bibliography.
- New York: William Morrow & Company, Ltd., 1988.
- King, Martin. Students' Guide to Animal Farm.
- Scotland: Tynron Press, 1989.
- Lucas, John. The Melancholy Man: A Study of Dickens' Novels.
- London: N.P., N.D.
- Orwell, George. Animal Farm.
- London: Penguin Books, 1985.
- Shelden, Michael. Orwell: The Authorised Biography.
- London: Mandarin Paperbacks, 1992.
-
- Written in Toronto, 1996.